Immune System Practice Test

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• Where do lymphocytes concentrate?
• The primary immune response requires approximately how many days to reach its full potential?
• The inflammatory response is best described as which of the following?
• Which of the following is a type of microorganism that contributes to innate immunity by occupying niches?
• Which cell type is the main producer of interleukin-2?
• Which immune cells undergo positive selection to ensure they recognize self to some extent?
• What is the specific third line of defense that develops after the body has been attacked?
• Which component of B cells contains antigen-receptor antibodies?
• Why does the body's secondary immune response occur faster (about 5 days) after a subsequent exposure?
• Which cells are tissue-resident phagocytes that also act as antigen-presenting cells?
• Which component of the adaptive immunity differentiates self from non-self?
• Plasma minus fibrinogen yields which substance?
• What is agglutination?
• What substance secreted by mast cells causes vasodilation?
• In fetuses, in which organ do B cells mature?
• When an antigen binds to a B cell, what term describes the expansion of the B cell population into daughter cells?
• Which component of the adaptive immune response has antigen receptors yet do not make antibodies?
• Which term refers to the larger of the two primary chains of an antibody?
• Which process marks an antigen for phagocytosis by macrophages, neutrophils, or natural killer cells?
• What happens when a WBC recognizes a pathogen?
• The cell-mediated immune response is effective against which structures?
• Which situations can lead T cells to interpret cells as non-self even if they display self markers?
• What term describes the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells?
• Which term names the chain that is smaller and participates in forming the antigen-binding site?
• What do vaccines primarily stimulate to provide long-term protection?
• Hematocrit is typically higher in men than women.
• Which T cell derivatives are similar in function to Memory B cells?
• In the humoral response, what do B cells produce during the humoral response?
• How fast is passive immunity acquired?
• Which of the following correctly lists plasma protein groups?
• During clonal selection, the clone expands from a lymphocyte that bears what?
• What process occurs when an antigen binds to a B cell, or when a non-self cell binds to a T cell, and the B or T cells divide into daughter cells bearing a 'selected' effective antigen receptor?
• The humoral response of the acquired immune system is also known as what?
• The molecule responsible for presenting antigen fragments to T cells is the Major Histocompatibility Complex.
• Which cells are the largest phagocytes?
• The liquid portion of blood, i.e., plasma, is also referred to as which term?
• Which type of WBC circulates in blood until they move into tissues via diapedesis, where they develop into cells that phagocytize cell debris and pathogens?
• Which term is assigned to the portion of an antibody that includes the constant domains of the heavy chain?
• A single B-lymphocyte produces how many antibody types?
• What kind of tissue is blood?
• Which term describes the covalent bond that stabilizes the antibody by linking the heavy chains at the Fc region?
• Which antibody is most abundant in secretions such as saliva and mucus?
• Antibiotics are chemicals derived from which organisms that inhibit other microorganisms?
• Which antibody class is produced in low amounts and has a poorly understood function?
• What are chemical signaling molecules used in the immune response for communication among immune cells?
• Which term is used to describe a region that remains relatively constant across antibodies of the same class?
• In the humoral response, what is the initial event that leads to B cell production?
• Which interleukin is involved with the acute-phase response that accompanies inflammatory reactions?
• Which immune process creates pores in target cell membranes leading to lysis?
• Histamine stimulates which action that increases blood supply and raises temperature?
• Which is an antimicrobial protein example?
• In blood, rank the following from most to least abundant: erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes.
• Which term describes long-lived B cells that do not release antibodies during an immediate invasion?
• Which cell type is primarily used in the cell-mediated immune response?
• Interleukins are a specific kind of what?
• Which T cell subset is a primary target of HIV infection?
• Which type of white blood cells are specialized in destroying altered host cells such as tumor or virus-infected cells without prior sensitization?
• What is the primary role of plasma cells?
• Gamma globulin, used to make antibodies, is formed in which tissue?
• Which component of the innate immunity response attack virus-infected cells or abnormal body cells (tumors)?
• What is the primary function of interferons produced during viral infection?
• Prostaglandins and lymphokines are associated with which immune process?
• Which type of WBCs work collectively to surround and destroy multicellular parasites. These are not?
• What is the main function of dendritic cells?
• Of what substances does pus consist?
• By which component does the innate immune system utilize an acidic environment in the gut?
• MHC is involved in presenting which kind of molecules to the immune system?
• Where do lymphocytes originate?
• Which term denotes the bond that connects light and heavy chains in an antibody?
• A foreign MHC typically triggers which immune response?
• What are locally acting autocrine/paracrine lipid messenger molecules that have physiological effects?
• What response does a foreign MHC trigger?
• In autocrine signaling, mediators act on which cells?
• Which antibody class is found in breast milk and other bodily secretions and is the most abundant in secretions?
• Which antibody is primarily involved in mucosal immunity and is abundant in secretions?
• Which antibody class is most abundant in serum and can cross the placenta?
• During a primary immune response, which antibody class is produced first?
• Which type of WBCs are responsible for the ingestion of pathogens and stimulus acquired immunity?
• Which event explains the faster secondary response to the same antigen?
• Which T cell derivatives are killer T cells that recognize and destroy target cells by releasing perforin to puncture cell membranes?
• Which type of white blood cell functions in the destruction of pathogens in infected tissues and is drawn to the infected area by chemicals via chemotaxis?
• Which sequence best describes the layers of blood after centrifugation from top to bottom?
• Which arm of the adaptive immune system is primarily responsible for antibody production?
• Which interleukin primarily triggers the immune system to produce T cells and activates the clonal expansion of B cells?
• Which type of vaccine consists of an inactivated pathogen that has been destroyed?
• Which antibody class is the first to be produced after initial exposure to an antigen?
• What is the process called when T cells check molecules displayed by non-self cells, and if a T cell binds to a self antigen in the thymus, it is destroyed?
• Which innate immune cells destroy virus-infected cells or tumor cells without prior exposure?
• Into what type of cells do monocytes differentiate after leaving the bloodstream?
• In the chain of events following a non-self cell binding to a T cell, what is the first event?
• Which T cell derivatives play a negative feedback role in the immune system?
• Virus-infected cells secrete substances that stimulate neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins. What are these substances?
• Which system consists of local mediators that function in the immediate area around the cell from which they were released?
• Plasma proteins provide which building blocks for tissue protein replacement?
• The buffy coat is best described as which?
• Why does aspirin have anti-inflammatory and anti-clotting effects?
• Which statement best describes the second line of defense?
• When a T cell encounters a non-self cell, it divides to produce four kinds of T cells. Which four types are produced?
• Which cells are responsible for antibody production in the adaptive immune system?
• Which term describes immunity that is conferred by antibodies received from another person rather than produced by the individual's own immune system?
• Which system assists phagocytes in engulfing foreign cells, stimulates basophils to release histamine, and lyses foreign cells?
• Which of the following lists plasma proteins?
• In clonal selection, which cell reproduces repeatedly to make clones?
• Where are most plasma proteins located?
• Which term describes long-lived B cells that persist after an infection to enable faster responses upon re-exposure?
• Interleukin-2 is produced primarily by which cells?
• Which elements make up the plasma matrix?
• Which term refers to the constant region of an antibody?
• Which type of white blood cells engulfs foreign particles, bacteria, dead or dying cells via phagocytosis?
• What kind of molecules make up MHC proteins?
• Which component of adaptive immunity produces antibodies?
• Which type of WBCs attach to abnormal body cells such as tumors or pathogen-infected tissues?
• Which statement best describes how B and T cells differ in antigen interaction?
• The buffy coat layer contains which cells?
• Which cells engulf antibody-coated antigens and participate in both innate and adaptive immunity?
• Which cells are involved in both specific and non-specific branches of immunity and engulf antibody-coated antigens?
• The region of an antibody that binds to an antigen is called the...
• Vaccines stimulate production of memory cells, leading to what type of immunity?
• MHC molecules are composed primarily of which type of molecule?
• Which organ produces most plasma proteins?
• All white blood cells originate from stem cells located in what tissue?
• In the humoral response, besides plasma cells, what other cells do B cells produce?
• Which phrase best describes the inflammatory response?
• Which vaccine category uses a live pathogen weakened so it can replicate but typically not cause illness?
• Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which free antibodies dispose of antigens?
• Disulfide bonds in antibodies connect which parts?
• In the cell-mediated response chain, what do helper T cells do with macrophages?
• Antibodies are specific for how many antigens?
• Which component corresponds to the cilia in the lungs?
• Which T cell derivatives stimulate activation of B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and suppressor T cells?
• Which term labels the chain that is heavier and longer, forming the backbone of the antibody?
• How are B cells activated?
• What action produces a pore in a target cell membrane?
• What is the general progression of B cells?
• Which antibody class is associated with allergic responses?
• Which option lists a non-antibody class?
• The humoral response responds to what stimuli?
• Which term describes a covalent bond that stabilizes the antibody by linking polypeptide chains?
• Which statement about attenuated vaccines is true?
• Prostaglandins belong to which class of biological molecules?
• The antigen-binding site on an antibody corresponds to which region?
• Following interleukin production, which cells proliferate?
• Which type of vaccine contains live pathogens but are disabled in some way to prevent virulence?
• What are antibodies?
• Which interleukin is known to raise body temperature by acting on the hypothalamus?
• Where do B cells originate and mature?
• Which mechanism do T cells use to distinguish self from non-self?
• Which term identifies the chain that pairs with the heavy chain to form the antigen-binding site?
• Which type of WBCs function in allergic response, inflammatory response (histamine release), and anaphylaxis?
• Which of the following is a physical barrier that contributes to innate immunity?
• What are the two Responses of Acquired/Adaptive Immune System?
• Which type of WBCs release histamines for inflammatory response, found circulating the blood, and are recruited into tissue when needed?
• Which agents stimulate production of memory cells from inactivated viruses or weakened bacteria (artificially active immunity)?
• Which term describes the region that largely determines the antibody's class?
• Which type of vaccine can be made from inactivated toxic compounds that cause illness rather than the pathogen itself?
• Which cells are primarily responsible for presenting antigen to T cells during initiation of the adaptive immune response?
• Which term is used to describe the portion of antibody structure that contains the constant domains of the heavy chain?
• What is the name for B cells that circulate in the blood and release specific free antibodies that dispose of antigens?
• Which term refers to a structural feature that keeps the antibody's chains in proper orientation and stability?
• Which interleukin is involved with fever by acting on the hypothalamus?
• Prostaglandins and lymphokines are causative agents of which response?
• Which term denotes a bond essential for maintaining the antibody's quaternary structure?
• In the cell-mediated response chain, which cells produce interleukins?
• What happens to T cells if they do not bind to self antigens in the thymus?
• Where do T cells originate and mature?
• By what process do neutrophils enter tissues?
• Which leukocytes are the principal cells that release histamine during inflammatory responses and can be recruited to tissue?
• Which term identifies one of the two main polypeptide chains that make up an antibody, contributing to its structure?
• All blood cells arise from stem cell precursors located where?
• What system contains ~30 complement proteins that circulate the body and assist in activating the immune response?
• What substance can confer temporary protection against hepatitis and other diseases?
• Which component of the adaptive immune response is the primary agent of the immune response?
• Which antibody class is produced in the smallest amounts and has an unclear function?
• The first line of defense in human immunity is called what?
• Which type of immunity occurs when antibodies are transferred from another individual (for example, newborns from mother)?
• Besides macrophages, what can monocytes also give rise to?
• Besides lymph nodes and thymus, which organ is listed as a site where lymphocytes concentrate?
• Negative selection of T cells occurs primarily in which organ?